Question & Answer

Why should the electromechanical system rather than the controller storage register be the limiting factor in control resolution?

The books of Conchita Corporation carried the following account balances as of December 31, 2014. Cash $ 195,000 Preferred Stock (6% cumulative, nonparticipating, $50 par) 300,000 Common Stock (no-par value, 300,000 shares issued) 1,500,000 Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par—Preferred Stock 150,000 Treasury Stock (common 2,800 shares at cost) 33,600 Retained Earnings 105,000 The company decided not to pay any dividends in 2014. The board of directors, at their annual meeting on December 21, 2015, declared the following: “The current year dividends shall be 6% on the preferred and $.30 per share on the common. The dividends in arrears shall be paid by issuing 1,500 shares of treasury stock.” At the date of declaration, the preferred is selling at $80 per share, and the common at $12 per share. Net income for 2015 is estimated at $77,000. Instructions (a) Prepare the journal entries required for the dividend declaration and payment, assuming that they occur simultaneously. (b) Could Conchita Corporation give the preferred stockholders 2 years’ dividends and common stockholders a 30 cents per share dividend, all in cash?

Determine the helix angle A such that the screw pitch p is equal to the screw diameter D. This is called the \"square\" angle in plastics extrusion - the angle that provides a flight advance equal to one diameter for each rotation of the screw.

By looking at the nominal and real exchange rate changes in Table 25.1 can we identify periods during which the UK’s terms of trade rose?

It is desired to etch out a region of a silicon dioxide film on the surface of a silicon wafer. The SiO2 film is 100 nm thick. The width of the etched-out area is specified to be 650 nm. (a) If the degree of anisotropy for the etchant in the process is known to be 1.25, what should be the size of the opening in the mask through which the etchant will operate? (b) If plasma etching is used instead of wet etching, and the degree of anisotropy for plasma etching is infinity, what should be the size of the mask opening?

Explain the advantage of a bullet loan. (LO3)

Salen Company finances some of its current operations by assigning accounts receivable to a finance company. On July 1, 2014, it assigned, under guarantee, specific accounts amounting to $150,000. The finance company advanced to Salen 80% of the accounts assigned (20% of the total to be withheld until the finance company has made its full recovery), less a finance charge of ½% of the total accounts assigned. On July 31, Salen Company received a statement that the finance company had collected $80,000 of these accounts and had made an additional charge of ½% of the total accounts outstanding as of July 31. This charge is to be deducted at the time of the first remittance due Salen Company from the finance company. (Hint: Make entries at this time.) On August 31, 2014, Salen Company received a second statement from the finance company, together with a check for the amount due. The statement indicated that the finance company had collected an additional $50,000 and had made a further charge of ½% of the balance outstanding as of August 31. Instructions Make all entries on the books of Salen Company that are involved in the transactions above.

Instructions Complete the following statements by filling in the blanks. (a) In a period in which a taxable temporary difference reverses, the reversal will cause taxable income to be _______ (less than, greater than) pretax financial income. (b) If a $76,000 balance in Deferred Tax Asset was computed by use of a 40% rate, the underlying cumulative temporary difference amounts to $_______. (c) Deferred taxes ________ (are, are not) recorded to account for permanent differences. (d) If a taxable temporary difference originates in 2014, it will cause taxable income for 2014 to be ________ (less than, greater than) pretax financial income for 2014. (e) If total tax expense is $50,000 and deferred tax expense is $65,000, then the current portion of the expense computation is referred to as current tax _______ (expense, benefit) of $_______. (f) If a corporation’s tax return shows taxable income of $100,000 for Year 2 and a tax rate of 40%, how much will appear on the December 31, Year 2, balance sheet for “Income taxes payable” if the company has made estimated tax payments of $36,500 for Year 2? $________. (g) An increase in the Deferred Tax Liability account on the balance sheet is recorded by a _______ (debit, credit) to the Income Tax Expense account. (h) An income statement that reports current tax expense of $82,000 and deferred tax benefit of $23,000 will report total income tax expense of $________. (i) A valuation account is needed whenever it is judged to be _______ that a portion of a deferred tax asset _______ (will be, will not be) realized. (j) If the tax return shows total taxes due for the period of $75,000 but the income statement shows total income tax expense of $55,000, the difference of $20,000 is referred to as deferred tax _______ (expense, benefit).

Balanced scorecard indicators Comment on how the inclusion of environmental and social indicators in a balanced scorecard might contribute to an organisation’s profitability.

Relevant information; uncertainties; information for decision-making Janet Baker is deciding where to live during her second year of university. During her first year, she lived in the university residence college. Recently her friend Rachel asked her to share an off-campus flat for the upcoming school year. Janet likes the idea of living in a flat, but she is concerned about how much it will cost.   To help her decide what to do, Janet collected information about costs. She would pay $400 per month in rent. The minimum lease term on the apartment is six months. Janet estimates that her share of the utility bills will be $75 per month. She also estimates that groceries will cost $200 per month. Janet spent $350 on a new couch over the summer. If she lives in the university residence college, she will put the couch in storage at a cost of $35 per month. Janet expects to spend $7500 on university fees and $450 on books each semester. Room and board on campus would cost Janet $2,900 per semester (four months). This amount includes a food plan of 20 meals per week. This cost is non-refundable if the meals are not eaten.   Required (a)     Use only the cost information collected by Janet for the following tasks. (i)    List all of the costs for each option. Note: Some costs may be listed under both options. (ii)   Review your lists and cross out the costs that are irrelevant to Janet’s decision. Explain why these costs are irrelevant. (iii)  Calculate and compare the total relevant costs of each option. (iv)  Given the cost comparison, which living arrangement is the better choice for Janet? Explain. (b)     Identify uncertainties in the cost information collected by Janet. (i)    Determine whether each cost is likely to be (1) known for sure, (2) estimated with little uncertainty, or (3) estimated with moderate or high uncertainty. (ii)   For each cost that is known for sure, explain where Janet would obtain the information. (iii)  For each cost that must be estimated, explain why the cost cannot be known. (c)     List additional information that might be relevant to Janet’s decision (list as many items as you can). (i)    Costs not identified by Janet (ii)   Factors other than costs (d)     Explain why conducting a cost comparison is useful to Janet, even if factors other than costs are important to her decision. (e)     Consider your own preferences for this problem. Do you expect Janet’s preferences to be the same as yours? How can you control for your biases as you give Janet advice? (f)      Think about what Janet’s priorities might be for choosing a housing arrangement. How might different priorities lead to different choices? (g)     Describe how information that Janet gains over this next year might affect her future housing arrangements. Suppose Janet asks for your advice. (h)     Use the information you learned from the preceding analyses to write a memo to Janet with your recommendation and a discussion of its risks. Refer in your memo to the information that would be useful to Janet.

What is the difference between a track and a land on a printed circuit board?

Why might a corporation issue a stock distribution to its shareholders?

What are diversified companies? What accounting problems are related to diversified companies?

On June 30, 2014, your client, Ferry Company, was granted two patents covering plastic cartons that it had been producing and marketing profitably for the past 3 years. One patent covers the manufacturing process, and the other covers the related products. Ferry executives tell you that these patents represent the most significant breakthrough in the industry in the past 30 years. The products have been marketed under the registered trademarks Evertight, Duratainer, and Sealrite. Licenses under the patents have already been granted by your client to other manufacturers in the United States and abroad, and are producing substantial royalties. On July 1, Ferry commenced patent infringement actions against several companies whose names you recognize as those of substantial and prominent competitors. Ferry’s management is optimistic that these suits will result in a permanent injunction against the manufacture and sale of the infringing products as well as collection of damages for loss of profits caused by the alleged infringement. The financial vice president has suggested that the patents be recorded at the discounted value of expected net royalty receipts. Instructions (a) What is the meaning of “discounted value of expected net receipts”? Explain. (b) How would such a value be calculated for net royalty receipts? (c) What basis of valuation for Ferry’s patents would be generally accepted in accounting? Give supporting reasons for this basis. (d) Assuming no practical problems of implementation, and ignoring generally accepted accounting principles, what is the preferable basis of valuation for patents? Explain. (e) What would be the preferable theoretical basis of amortization? Explain. (f) What recognition, if any, should be made of the infringement litigation in the financial statements for the year ending September 30, 2014? Discuss.

If we would all like more money, why does the government not print a lot more? Could it not thereby solve the problem of scarcity ‘at a stroke’?

One of the more closely watched ratios by investors is the price/earnings (P/E) ratio. By dividing price per share by earnings per share, analysts get insight into the value the market attaches to a company’s earnings. More specifically, a high P/E ratio (in comparison to companies in the same industry) may suggest the stock is overpriced. Also, there is some evidence that companies with low P/E ratios are underpriced and tend to outperform the market. However, the ratio can be misleading. P/E ratios are sometimes misleading because the E (earnings) is subject to a number of assumptions and estimates that could result in overstated earnings and a lower P/E. Some analysts conduct “revenue analysis” to evaluate the quality of an earnings number. Revenues are less subject to management estimates and all earnings must begin with revenues. These analysts also compute the price-to-sales ratio (PSR 5 price per share 4 sales per share) to assess whether a company is performing well compared to similar companies. If a company has a price-to-sales ratio significantly higher than its competitors, investors may be betting on a stock that has yet to prove itself. [Source: Janice Revell, “Beyond P/E,” Fortune (May 28, 2001), p. 174.] Instructions (a) Identify some of the estimates or assumptions that could result in overstated earnings. (b) Compute the P/E ratio and the PSR for Tootsie Roll and Hershey for 2011. (c) Use these data to compare the quality of each company’s earnings.

Comparative balance sheet accounts of Marcus Inc. are presented below. MARCUS INC. COMPARATIVE BALANCE SHEET ACCOUNTS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2014 AND 2013 December 31 Debit Accounts 2014 2013 Cash $ 42,000 $ 33,750 Accounts Receivable 70,500 60,000 Inventory 30,000 24,000 Investments (available-for-sale) 22,250 38,500 Machinery 30,000 18,750 Buildings 67,500 56,250 Land 7,500 7,500 $269,750 $238,750 Credit Accounts Allowance for Doubtful Accounts $ 2,250 $ 1,500 Accumulated Depreciation—Machinery 5,625 2,250 Accumulated Depreciation—Buildings 13,500 9,000 Accounts Payable 35,000 24,750 Accrued Payables 3,375 2,625 Long-Term Notes Payable 21,000 31,000 Common Stock, no-par 150,000 125,000 Retained Earnings 39,000 42,625 $269,750 $238,750 Additional data (ignoring taxes): 1. Net income for the year was $42,500. 2. Cash dividends declared and paid during the year were $21,125. 3. A 20% stock dividend was declared during the year. $25,000 of retained earnings was capitalized. 4. Investments that cost $25,000 were sold during the year for $28,750. 5. Machinery that cost $3,750, on which $750 of depreciation had accumulated, was sold for $2,200. Marcus’s 2014 income statement follows (ignoring taxes). Sales revenue $540,000 Less: Cost of goods sold 380,000 Gross margin 160,000 Less: Operating expenses (includes $8,625 depreciation and $5,400 bad debts) 120,450 Income from operations 39,550 Other: Gain on sale of investments $3,750 Loss on sale of machinery (800) 2,950 Net income $ 42,500 Instructions (a) Compute net cash flow from operating activities using the direct method. (b) Prepare a statement of cash flows using the indirect method.

Why don’t farmers benefit from a high income elasticity of demand for convenience foods?

In general, how are unincorporated business entities classified for tax purposes?

The processable area on a 156-mm-diameter wafer is a 150-mm-diameter circle. How many square IC chips can be processed within this area, if each chip is 7.5 mm on a side? Assume the cut lines (streets) between chips are of negligible width.

Define machinability.

Bill Jovi is reviewing the cash accounting for Nottleman, Inc., a local mailing service. Jovi’s review will focus on the petty cash account and the bank reconciliation for the month ended May 31, 2014. He has collected the following information from Nottleman’s bookkeeper for this task. Petty Cash 1. The petty cash fund was established on May 10, 2014, in the amount of $250. 2. Expenditures from the fund by the custodian as of May 31, 2014, were evidenced by approved receipts for the following. Postage expense $33.00 Mailing labels and other supplies 65.00 I.O.U. from employees 30.00 Shipping charges (to customer) 57.45 Newspaper advertising 22.80 Miscellaneous expense 15.35 On May 31, 2014, the petty cash fund was replenished and increased to $300; currency and coin in the fund at that time totaled $26.40. Problems 399 Bank Reconciliation   Nottleman’s Cash Account Balance, May 1, 2014 $ 8,850 Deposits during May 2014 31,000 Checks written during May 2014 (31,835) Deposits in transit are determined to be $3,000, and checks outstanding at May 31 total $850. Cash on hand (besides petty cash) at May 31, 2014, is $246. Instructions (a) Prepare the journal entries to record the transactions related to the petty cash fund for May. (b) Prepare a bank reconciliation dated May 31, 2014, proceeding to a correct cash balance, and prepare the journal entries necessary to make the books correct and complete. (c) What amount of cash should be reported in the May 31, 2014, balance sheet?

At December 31, 2014, Cascade Company had a net deferred tax liability of $450,000. An explanation of the items that compose this balance is as follows. Temporary Differences in Deferred Taxes Resulting Balances 1. Excess of tax depreciation over book depreciation. $200,000 2. Accrual, for book purposes, of estimated loss contingency from pending lawsuit that is expected to be settled in 2015. The loss will be deducted on the tax return when paid. $ (50,000) 3. Accrual method used for book purposes and installment method used for tax purposes for an isolated installment sale of an investment. $300,000 In analyzing the temporary differences, you find that $30,000 of the depreciation temporary difference will reverse in 2015, and $120,000 of the temporary difference due to the installment sale will reverse in 2015. The tax rate for all years is 40%. Instructions Indicate the manner in which deferred taxes should be presented on Cascade Company’s December 31, 2014, statement of financial position.

What is the difference between engineering stress and true stress in a tensile test?

You have been assigned to examine the financial statements of Zarle Company for the year ended December 31, 2014. You discover the following situations. 1. Depreciation of $3,200 for 2014 on delivery vehicles was not recorded. 2. The physical inventory count on December 31, 2013, improperly excluded merchandise costing $19,000 that had been temporarily stored in a public warehouse. Zarle uses a periodic inventory system. 3. A collection of $5,600 on account from a customer received on December 31, 2014, was not recorded until January 2, 2015. 4. In 2014, the company sold for $3,700 fully depreciated equipment that originally cost $25,000. The company credited the proceeds from the sale to the Equipment account. 5. During November 2014, a competitor company filed a patent-infringement suit against Zarle claiming damages of $220,000. The company’s legal counsel has indicated that an unfavorable verdict is probable and a reasonable estimate of the court’s award to the competitor is $125,000. The company has not reflected or disclosed this situation in the financial statements. 6. Zarle has a portfolio of trading securities. No entry has been made to adjust to market. Information on cost and fair value is as follows. Cost Fair Value December 31, 2013 $95,000 $95,000 December 31, 2014 $84,000 $82,000 7. At December 31, 2014, an analysis of payroll information shows accrued salaries of $12,200. The Salaries and Wages Payable account had a balance of $16,000 at December 31, 2014, which was unchanged from its balance at December 31, 2013. 8. A large piece of equipment was purchased on January 3, 2014, for $40,000 and was charged to Maintenance and Repairs Expense. The equipment is estimated to have a service life of 8 years and no residual value. Zarle normally uses the straight-line depreciation method for this type of equipment. 9. A $12,000 insurance premium paid on July 1, 2013, for a policy that expires on June 30, 2016, was charged to insurance expense. 10. A trademark was acquired at the beginning of 2013 for $50,000. No amortization has been recorded since its acquisition. The maximum allowable amortization period is 10 years. Instructions Assume the trial balance has been prepared but the books have not been closed for 2014. Assuming all amounts are material, prepare journal entries showing the adjustments that are required. (Ignore income tax considerations.)