Question & Answer

What is a performance obligation, and how is it used to determine when revenue should be recognized?

What are some of the principal abrasive materials used in grinding wheels?

Explain the advantage of a bullet loan. (LO3)

(Looking at the Maths) These questions refer to the diagram.                1. What is the price elasticity of demand at points l and k?

Relevant information; uncertainties; information for decision-making Janet Baker is deciding where to live during her second year of university. During her first year, she lived in the university residence college. Recently her friend Rachel asked her to share an off-campus flat for the upcoming school year. Janet likes the idea of living in a flat, but she is concerned about how much it will cost.   To help her decide what to do, Janet collected information about costs. She would pay $400 per month in rent. The minimum lease term on the apartment is six months. Janet estimates that her share of the utility bills will be $75 per month. She also estimates that groceries will cost $200 per month. Janet spent $350 on a new couch over the summer. If she lives in the university residence college, she will put the couch in storage at a cost of $35 per month. Janet expects to spend $7500 on university fees and $450 on books each semester. Room and board on campus would cost Janet $2,900 per semester (four months). This amount includes a food plan of 20 meals per week. This cost is non-refundable if the meals are not eaten.   Required (a)     Use only the cost information collected by Janet for the following tasks. (i)    List all of the costs for each option. Note: Some costs may be listed under both options. (ii)   Review your lists and cross out the costs that are irrelevant to Janet’s decision. Explain why these costs are irrelevant. (iii)  Calculate and compare the total relevant costs of each option. (iv)  Given the cost comparison, which living arrangement is the better choice for Janet? Explain. (b)     Identify uncertainties in the cost information collected by Janet. (i)    Determine whether each cost is likely to be (1) known for sure, (2) estimated with little uncertainty, or (3) estimated with moderate or high uncertainty. (ii)   For each cost that is known for sure, explain where Janet would obtain the information. (iii)  For each cost that must be estimated, explain why the cost cannot be known. (c)     List additional information that might be relevant to Janet’s decision (list as many items as you can). (i)    Costs not identified by Janet (ii)   Factors other than costs (d)     Explain why conducting a cost comparison is useful to Janet, even if factors other than costs are important to her decision. (e)     Consider your own preferences for this problem. Do you expect Janet’s preferences to be the same as yours? How can you control for your biases as you give Janet advice? (f)      Think about what Janet’s priorities might be for choosing a housing arrangement. How might different priorities lead to different choices? (g)     Describe how information that Janet gains over this next year might affect her future housing arrangements. Suppose Janet asks for your advice. (h)     Use the information you learned from the preceding analyses to write a memo to Janet with your recommendation and a discussion of its risks. Refer in your memo to the information that would be useful to Janet.

Instructions Complete the following statements by filling in the blanks. (a) In a period in which a taxable temporary difference reverses, the reversal will cause taxable income to be _______ (less than, greater than) pretax financial income. (b) If a $76,000 balance in Deferred Tax Asset was computed by use of a 40% rate, the underlying cumulative temporary difference amounts to $_______. (c) Deferred taxes ________ (are, are not) recorded to account for permanent differences. (d) If a taxable temporary difference originates in 2014, it will cause taxable income for 2014 to be ________ (less than, greater than) pretax financial income for 2014. (e) If total tax expense is $50,000 and deferred tax expense is $65,000, then the current portion of the expense computation is referred to as current tax _______ (expense, benefit) of $_______. (f) If a corporation’s tax return shows taxable income of $100,000 for Year 2 and a tax rate of 40%, how much will appear on the December 31, Year 2, balance sheet for “Income taxes payable” if the company has made estimated tax payments of $36,500 for Year 2? $________. (g) An increase in the Deferred Tax Liability account on the balance sheet is recorded by a _______ (debit, credit) to the Income Tax Expense account. (h) An income statement that reports current tax expense of $82,000 and deferred tax benefit of $23,000 will report total income tax expense of $________. (i) A valuation account is needed whenever it is judged to be _______ that a portion of a deferred tax asset _______ (will be, will not be) realized. (j) If the tax return shows total taxes due for the period of $75,000 but the income statement shows total income tax expense of $55,000, the difference of $20,000 is referred to as deferred tax _______ (expense, benefit).

An electron-beam welding operation is to be accomplished to butt weld two sheet-metal parts that are 3.0 mm thick. The unit melting energy = 5.0 J/mm3. The weld joint is to be 0.35 mm wide, so that the cross section of the fused metal is 0.35 mm by 3.0 mm. If accelerating voltage = 25 kV, beam current = 30 milliamp, heat transfer factor f1 = 0.85, and melting factor f2 = 0.75, determine the travel speed at which this weld can be made along the seam

On March 5, 2015, you were hired by Hemingway Inc., a closely held company, as a staff member of its newly created internal auditing department. While reviewing the company’s records for 2013 and 2014, you discover that no adjustments have yet been made for the items listed on the next page. Items 1. Interest income of $14,100 was not accrued at the end of 2013. It was recorded when received in February 2014. 2. A computer costing $4,000 was expensed when purchased on July 1, 2013. It is expected to have a 4-year life with no salvage value. The company typically uses straight-line depreciation for all fixed assets. 3. Research and development costs of $33,000 were incurred early in 2013. They were capitalized and were to be amortized over a 3-year period. Amortization of $11,000 was recorded for 2013 and $11,000 for 2014. 4. On January 2, 2013, Hemingway leased a building for 5 years at a monthly rental of $8,000. On that date, the company paid the following amounts, which were expensed when paid. Security deposit $20,000 First month’s rent 8,000 Last month’s rent 8,000 $36,000 5. The company received $36,000 from a customer at the beginning of 2013 for services that it is to perform evenly over a 3-year period beginning in 2013. None of the amount received was reported as unearned revenue at the end of 2013. 6. Merchandise inventory costing $18,200 was in the warehouse at December 31, 2013, but was incorrectly omitted from the physical count at that date. The company uses the periodic inventory method. Instructions Indicate the effect of any errors on the net income figure reported on the income statement for the year ending December 31, 2013, and the retained earnings figure reported on the balance sheet at December 31, 2014. Assume all amounts are material, and ignore income tax effects. Using the following format, enter the appropriate dollar amounts in the appropriate columns. Consider each item independent of the other items. It is not necessary to total the columns on the grid.

On November 1 of this year, Jaxon borrowed $50,000 from Bucksnort Savings and Loan for use in his business. In December, Jaxon paid interest of $4,500 relating to the 12-month period from November of this year through October of next year.  a) How much interest, if any, can Jaxon deduct this year if his business uses the cash method of accounting for tax purposes? b) How much interest, if any, can Jaxon deduct this year if his business uses the accrual method of accounting for tax purposes?

What is the rationale for requiring partners to defer most gains and all losses when they contribute property to a partnership?

On June 30, 2014, your client, Ferry Company, was granted two patents covering plastic cartons that it had been producing and marketing profitably for the past 3 years. One patent covers the manufacturing process, and the other covers the related products. Ferry executives tell you that these patents represent the most significant breakthrough in the industry in the past 30 years. The products have been marketed under the registered trademarks Evertight, Duratainer, and Sealrite. Licenses under the patents have already been granted by your client to other manufacturers in the United States and abroad, and are producing substantial royalties. On July 1, Ferry commenced patent infringement actions against several companies whose names you recognize as those of substantial and prominent competitors. Ferry’s management is optimistic that these suits will result in a permanent injunction against the manufacture and sale of the infringing products as well as collection of damages for loss of profits caused by the alleged infringement. The financial vice president has suggested that the patents be recorded at the discounted value of expected net royalty receipts. Instructions (a) What is the meaning of “discounted value of expected net receipts”? Explain. (b) How would such a value be calculated for net royalty receipts? (c) What basis of valuation for Ferry’s patents would be generally accepted in accounting? Give supporting reasons for this basis. (d) Assuming no practical problems of implementation, and ignoring generally accepted accounting principles, what is the preferable basis of valuation for patents? Explain. (e) What would be the preferable theoretical basis of amortization? Explain. (f) What recognition, if any, should be made of the infringement litigation in the financial statements for the year ending September 30, 2014? Discuss.

Norman’s Televisions produces television sets in three categories: portable, midsize, and flat-screen. On January 1, 2014, Norman adopted dollar-value LIFO and decided to use a single inventory pool. The company’s January 1 inventory consists of: Category Quantity Cost per Unit Total Cost Portable 6,000 $100 $ 600,000 Midsize 8,000 250 2,000,000 Flat-screen 3,000 400 1,200,000 17,000 $3,800,000 During 2014, the company had the following purchases and sales. Quantity Quantity Selling Price Category Purchased Cost per Unit Sold per Unit Portable 15,000 $110 14,000 $150 Midsize 20,000 300 24,000 405 Flat-screen 10,000 500 6,000 600 45,000 44,000 Instructions (Round to four decimals.) (a) Compute ending inventory, cost of goods sold, and gross profit. (b) Assume the company uses three inventory pools instead of one. Repeat instruction (a).

If there were a gradual increase in the saving rate over time, would this lead to sustained economic growth?

Use the information for Boyne Inc. from BE9-8, and assume the price level increased from 100 at the beginning of the year to 115 at year-end. Compute ending inventory at cost using the dollar-value LIFO retail method.

Comparative balance sheet accounts of Marcus Inc. are presented below. MARCUS INC. COMPARATIVE BALANCE SHEET ACCOUNTS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2014 AND 2013 December 31 Debit Accounts 2014 2013 Cash $ 42,000 $ 33,750 Accounts Receivable 70,500 60,000 Inventory 30,000 24,000 Investments (available-for-sale) 22,250 38,500 Machinery 30,000 18,750 Buildings 67,500 56,250 Land 7,500 7,500 $269,750 $238,750 Credit Accounts Allowance for Doubtful Accounts $ 2,250 $ 1,500 Accumulated Depreciation—Machinery 5,625 2,250 Accumulated Depreciation—Buildings 13,500 9,000 Accounts Payable 35,000 24,750 Accrued Payables 3,375 2,625 Long-Term Notes Payable 21,000 31,000 Common Stock, no-par 150,000 125,000 Retained Earnings 39,000 42,625 $269,750 $238,750 Additional data (ignoring taxes): 1. Net income for the year was $42,500. 2. Cash dividends declared and paid during the year were $21,125. 3. A 20% stock dividend was declared during the year. $25,000 of retained earnings was capitalized. 4. Investments that cost $25,000 were sold during the year for $28,750. 5. Machinery that cost $3,750, on which $750 of depreciation had accumulated, was sold for $2,200. Marcus’s 2014 income statement follows (ignoring taxes). Sales revenue $540,000 Less: Cost of goods sold 380,000 Gross margin 160,000 Less: Operating expenses (includes $8,625 depreciation and $5,400 bad debts) 120,450 Income from operations 39,550 Other: Gain on sale of investments $3,750 Loss on sale of machinery (800) 2,950 Net income $ 42,500 Instructions (a) Compute net cash flow from operating activities using the direct method. (b) Prepare a statement of cash flows using the indirect method.

Jimmy is a sole proprietor of a small dry-cleaning business. This month Jimmy paid for his groceries by writing checks from the checking account dedicated to the dry-cleaning business. Why do you suppose Jimmy is using his business checking account rather than his personal checking account to pay for personal expenditures?

The terms ‘doves’ and ‘hawks’ are frequently used to describe central banks. How do these terms relate to the Taylor rule?

Referring back to Figure 10.8 on page 293, and assuming that the MRPL curve represents the marginal social benefit from the employment of a factor, and that the price of the factor represents its marginal social cost (i.e. assuming no externalities), show that a monopsony will employ less than the Pareto optimal amount of factors.

Define machinability.

Jim was injured in an accident and his surgeon botched the medical procedure. Jim recovered $5,000 from the doctor for pain and suffering and $2,000 for emotional distress. Determine the taxability of these payments and briefly explain to Jim the apparent rationale for including or excluding these payments from gross income.

You have been assigned to examine the financial statements of Zarle Company for the year ended December 31, 2014. You discover the following situations. 1. Depreciation of $3,200 for 2014 on delivery vehicles was not recorded. 2. The physical inventory count on December 31, 2013, improperly excluded merchandise costing $19,000 that had been temporarily stored in a public warehouse. Zarle uses a periodic inventory system. 3. A collection of $5,600 on account from a customer received on December 31, 2014, was not recorded until January 2, 2015. 4. In 2014, the company sold for $3,700 fully depreciated equipment that originally cost $25,000. The company credited the proceeds from the sale to the Equipment account. 5. During November 2014, a competitor company filed a patent-infringement suit against Zarle claiming damages of $220,000. The company’s legal counsel has indicated that an unfavorable verdict is probable and a reasonable estimate of the court’s award to the competitor is $125,000. The company has not reflected or disclosed this situation in the financial statements. 6. Zarle has a portfolio of trading securities. No entry has been made to adjust to market. Information on cost and fair value is as follows. Cost Fair Value December 31, 2013 $95,000 $95,000 December 31, 2014 $84,000 $82,000 7. At December 31, 2014, an analysis of payroll information shows accrued salaries of $12,200. The Salaries and Wages Payable account had a balance of $16,000 at December 31, 2014, which was unchanged from its balance at December 31, 2013. 8. A large piece of equipment was purchased on January 3, 2014, for $40,000 and was charged to Maintenance and Repairs Expense. The equipment is estimated to have a service life of 8 years and no residual value. Zarle normally uses the straight-line depreciation method for this type of equipment. 9. A $12,000 insurance premium paid on July 1, 2013, for a policy that expires on June 30, 2016, was charged to insurance expense. 10. A trademark was acquired at the beginning of 2013 for $50,000. No amortization has been recorded since its acquisition. The maximum allowable amortization period is 10 years. Instructions Assume the trial balance has been prepared but the books have not been closed for 2014. Assuming all amounts are material, prepare journal entries showing the adjustments that are required. (Ignore income tax considerations.)

On December 31, 2010, Beckford Company issues 150,000 stockappreciation rights to its officers entitling them to receive cash for the difference between the market price of its stock and a pre-established price of $10. The fair value of the SARs is estimated to be $4 per SAR on December 31, 2011; $1 on December 31, 2012; $10 on December 31, 2013; and $9 on December 31, 2014. The service period is 4 years, and the exercise period is 7 years. Instructions (a) Prepare a schedule that shows the amount of compensation expense allocable to each year affected by the stock-appreciation rights plan. (b) Prepare the entry at December 31, 2014, to record compensation expense, if any, in 2014. (c) Prepare the entry on December 31, 2014, assuming that all 150,000 SARs are exercised.

Omar Morena has recently completed his first year of studying accounting. His instructor for next semester has indicated that the primary focus will be the area of financial accounting. Instructions (a) Differentiate between financial accounting and managerial accounting. (b) One part of financial accounting involves the preparation of financial statements. What are the financial statements most frequently provided? (c) What is the difference between financial statements and financial reporting?

Bill Jovi is reviewing the cash accounting for Nottleman, Inc., a local mailing service. Jovi’s review will focus on the petty cash account and the bank reconciliation for the month ended May 31, 2014. He has collected the following information from Nottleman’s bookkeeper for this task. Petty Cash 1. The petty cash fund was established on May 10, 2014, in the amount of $250. 2. Expenditures from the fund by the custodian as of May 31, 2014, were evidenced by approved receipts for the following. Postage expense $33.00 Mailing labels and other supplies 65.00 I.O.U. from employees 30.00 Shipping charges (to customer) 57.45 Newspaper advertising 22.80 Miscellaneous expense 15.35 On May 31, 2014, the petty cash fund was replenished and increased to $300; currency and coin in the fund at that time totaled $26.40. Problems 399 Bank Reconciliation   Nottleman’s Cash Account Balance, May 1, 2014 $ 8,850 Deposits during May 2014 31,000 Checks written during May 2014 (31,835) Deposits in transit are determined to be $3,000, and checks outstanding at May 31 total $850. Cash on hand (besides petty cash) at May 31, 2014, is $246. Instructions (a) Prepare the journal entries to record the transactions related to the petty cash fund for May. (b) Prepare a bank reconciliation dated May 31, 2014, proceeding to a correct cash balance, and prepare the journal entries necessary to make the books correct and complete. (c) What amount of cash should be reported in the May 31, 2014, balance sheet?

What are some of the limitations and disadvantages of casting?